電磁閥（Electromagnetic valve）是用電磁控制的工業(yè)設(shè)備，是用來控制流體的自動化基礎(chǔ)元件，屬于執(zhí)行器，并不限于液壓、氣動。用在工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中調(diào)整介質(zhì)的方向、流量、速度和其他的參數(shù)。電磁閥可以配合不同的電路來實現(xiàn)預(yù)期的控制，而控制的精度和靈活性都能夠保證。電磁閥有很多種，不同的電磁閥在控制系統(tǒng)的不同位置發(fā)揮作用，最常用的是單向閥、安全閥、方向控制閥、速度調(diào)節(jié)閥等。

　電磁閥里有密閉的腔，在不同位置開有通孔，每個孔連接不同的油管，腔中間是活塞，兩面是兩塊電磁鐵，哪面的磁鐵線圈通電閥體就會被吸引到哪邊，通過控制閥體的移動來開啟或關(guān)閉不同的排油孔，而進油孔是常開的，液壓油就會進入不同的排油管，然后通過油的壓力來推動油缸的活塞，活塞又帶動活塞桿，活塞桿帶動機械裝置。這樣通過控制電磁鐵的電流通斷就控制了機械運動。

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電磁閥從原理上分為三大類：

　　1）直動式電磁閥：

　　原理：通電時，電磁線圈產(chǎn)生電磁力把關(guān)閉件從閥座上提起，閥門打開；斷電時，電磁力消失，彈簧把關(guān)閉件壓在閥座上，閥門關(guān)閉。

　　特點：在真空、負壓、零壓時能正常工作，但通徑一般不超過25mm。

　　2）分步直動式電磁閥：

　　原理：它是一種直動和先導(dǎo)式相結(jié)合的原理，當(dāng)入口與出口沒有壓差時，通電后，電磁力直接把先導(dǎo)小閥和主閥關(guān)閉件依次向上提起，閥門打開。當(dāng)入口與出口達到啟動壓差時，通電后，電磁力先導(dǎo)小閥，主閥下腔壓力上升，上腔壓力下降，從而利用壓差把主閥向上推開；斷電時，先導(dǎo)閥利用彈簧力或介質(zhì)壓力推動關(guān)閉件，向下移動，使閥門關(guān)閉。

　　特點：在零壓差或真空、高壓時亦能可*動作，但功率較大，要求必須水平安裝。

　　3）先導(dǎo)式電磁閥：

　　原理：通電時，電磁力把先導(dǎo)孔打開，上腔室壓力迅速下降，在關(guān) 閉件周圍形成上低下高的壓差，流體壓力推動關(guān)閉件向上移動，閥門打開；斷電時，彈簧力把先導(dǎo)孔關(guān)閉，入口壓力通過旁通孔迅速腔室在關(guān)閥件周圍形成下低上高的壓差，流體壓力推動關(guān)閉件向下移動，關(guān)閉閥門。

　　特點：流體壓力范圍上限較高，可任意安裝（需定制）但必須滿足流體壓差條件。

　　2、電磁閥從閥結(jié)構(gòu)和材料上的不同與原理上的區(qū)別，分為六個分支小類：直動膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、分步直動膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、先導(dǎo)膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、直動活塞結(jié)構(gòu)、分步直動活塞結(jié)構(gòu)、先導(dǎo)活塞結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　3、電磁閥按照功能分類：水用電磁閥、蒸汽電磁閥、制冷電磁閥、低溫電磁閥、燃氣電磁閥、消防電磁閥、氨用電磁閥、氣體電磁閥、液體電磁閥、微型電磁閥、脈沖電磁閥、液壓電磁閥 常開電磁閥、油用電磁閥、直流電磁閥、高壓電磁閥、防爆電磁閥等。

　電磁閥是由電磁線圈和磁芯組成，是包含一個或幾個孔的閥體。當(dāng)線圈通電或斷電時，磁芯的運轉(zhuǎn)將導(dǎo)致流體通過閥體或被切斷，以達到改變流體方向的目的。電磁閥的電磁部件由固定鐵芯、動鐵芯、線圈等部件組成;閥體部分由滑閥芯、滑閥套、彈簧底座等組成。電磁線圈被直接安裝在閥體上，閥體被封閉在密封管中，構(gòu)成一個簡潔、緊湊的組合。我們在生產(chǎn)中常用的電磁閥有二位三通、二位四通、二位五通等。這里先說說二位的含義：對于電磁閥來說就是帶電和失電，對于所控制的閥門來說就是開和關(guān)。

　　電磁閥的故障將直接影響到切換閥和調(diào)節(jié)閥的動作，常見的故障有電磁閥不動作，應(yīng)從以下幾方面排查：

　　1、電磁閥接線頭松動或線頭脫落，電磁閥不得電，可緊固線頭。

　　2、電磁閥線圈燒壞，可拆下電磁閥的接線，用萬用表測量，如果開路，則電磁閥線圈燒壞。原因有線圈受潮，引起絕緣不好而漏磁，造成線圈內(nèi)電流過大而燒毀，因此要防止雨水進入電磁閥。此外，彈簧過硬，反作用力過大，線圈匝數(shù)太少，吸力不夠也可使得線圈燒毀。緊急處理時，可將線圈上的手動按鈕由正常工作時的“0”位打到“1”位，使得閥打開。

　　3、電磁閥卡住：電磁閥的滑閥套與閥芯的配合間隙很小(小于0.008mm)，一般都是單件裝配，當(dāng)有機械雜質(zhì)帶入或潤滑油太少時，很容易卡住。處理方法可用鋼絲從頭部小孔捅入，使其彈回。根本的解決方法是要將電磁閥拆下，取出閥芯及閥芯套，用CCI4清洗，使得閥芯在閥套內(nèi)動作靈活。拆卸時應(yīng)注意各部件的裝配順序及外部接線位置，以便重新裝配及接線正確，還要檢查油霧器噴油孔是否堵塞，潤滑油是否足夠。

　　4、漏氣：漏氣會造成空氣壓力不足，使得強制閥的啟閉困難，原因是密封墊片損壞或滑閥磨損而造成幾個空腔竄氣。在處理切換系統(tǒng)的電磁閥故障時，應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臅r機，等該電磁閥處于失電時進行處理，若在一個切換間隙內(nèi)處理不完，可將切換系統(tǒng)暫停，從容處理。

Electromagnetic valve, Electromagnetic valve) is to use Electromagnetic control of industrial equipment, is used to control fluid automation of basic components, belonging to the actuator, is not limited to hydraulic, pneumatic. In the industrial control system, is used to adjust the direction of the medium, flow, speed and other parameters. Solenoid valve with different circuit to achieve the desired control, and can guarantee control precision and flexibility. Solenoid valve, electromagnetic valve, there are many kinds of different work in different locations in the control system, the most commonly used is a one-way valve, safety valve, direction valve, speed regulator, etc.

Solenoid valve has closed cavity, opened a hole in different position, each hole connect different tubing, cavity piston is among, two sides are two electromagnets, which face the magnet coil electricity will be attracted to the body which side, by controlling the movement of the body to open or close the different discharge of oil hole, and the oil hole is always open, hydraulic fluid will enter the different oil drain, and then through the oil pressure to push the cylinder piston, the piston drives the piston rod, piston rod drive mechanism. Electric current to break by controlling the electromagnet is to control the mechanical movement.

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Solenoid valve in principle can be divided into three categories:

1) direct acting solenoid valve:

Principle: electricity, electromagnetic coil to produce electromagnetic force to close a file from the seat, the valve is open; Power, the electromagnetic force disappears, press on the seat, spring to close the valve closed.

Features: in a vacuum and negative pressure, can work properly when the zero pressure, but size is generally not more than 25 mm.

2) by direct acting solenoid valve:

Principle: it is a direct acting and pilot operated combination principle, when the inlet and outlet no pressure difference, after electrify, the electromagnetic force directly to the pilot valve and main valve closure in turn lift, the valve open. When the differential pressure of the inlet and outlet at startup, after electrify, the electromagnetic pilot valve, main valve inferior vena pressure rising, the cavity pressure drop, which USES differential pressure to the main valve opened up; Power off, the pilot valve using the spring force or medium pressure push off, move down, to close the valve.

Features: on the zero differential pressure or vacuum, high pressure, to * action, but the power is bigger, requirements must be installed level.

3) the guide type solenoid valve:

Principle: electricity, electromagnetic force open the pilot hole, the chamber pressure drops rapidly, in closed forms around the low high differential pressure, fluid pressure push close move upward, the valve opening; When power off, the spring force pilot hole closed, inlet pressure chamber through the by pass hole quickly around the valve piece form fertilizations on high differential pressure, fluid pressure push close move down, close the valve.

Features: high fluid pressure upper limit, can be arbitrary installation (custom) but fluid differential pressure conditions must be met.

2, electromagnetic valve from the valve structure and material is different and the difference on the principle, is divided into six branches small classes: diaphragm structure, step by step of moving straight moving diaphragm structure, the forerunner diaphragm structure, straight moving piston structure, step by step straight moving piston structure, the structure of the pilot piston.

Classified according to function 3, the electromagnetic valve: water refrigeration solenoid valve solenoid valve, solenoid valve, steam and low temperature gas solenoid valve, solenoid valve, fire fighting with the electromagnetic valve, electromagnetic valve, ammonia gas solenoid valve, solenoid valve, liquid micro electromagnetic valve, electromagnetic pulse valve, hydraulic solenoid valve normally open solenoid valve, solenoid valve for oil use, dc electromagnetic valve, high pressure solenoid valve, explosion-proof solenoid valve, etc.

Solenoid valve is composed of electromagnetic coil and the magnetic core, consists of one or a few holes of the body. When the coil electricity or without electricity, magnetic core operation will lead to flow through the body or is cut off, in order to change the direction of flow. Electromagnetic valve electromagnetic components by the fixed core, moving iron core, coil and other parts; Body part consists of valve core, valve cover, a spring base, etc. Electromagnetic coil is installed directly on the valve body, the body is enclosed in a sealed tube, make a concise, compact combination. We commonly used in the production of solenoid valve have two three links, two cross, two five-way, etc. Here about two meanings: first for the electromagnetic valve is electrically charged and loss of electricity, for control valve is opened and closed.

Solenoid valve failure will directly affect the switch valve and control valve, common fault electromagnetic valve is not action, screen should from the following aspects:

1, the electromagnetic valve terminal is loose or falls off thrum, electromagnetic valve shall not electricity, can tighten thread ends.

2, electromagnetic valve coil burned, can remove the wiring of electromagnetic valve, use multimeter to measure, if open circuit, the electromagnetic valve coil burn out. Coil be affected with damp be affected with damp, reasons caused bad insulation and magnetic flux leakage, cause excessive current in the coil burned, so to prevent the rain into the solenoid valve. In addition, spring quality, reaction force is too large, the coil number of turns is too little, enough suction can make coil burned. When emergency treatment, but the manual button on the coil by the normal work of "0" to "1" bits, enables the valve to open.

3, the electromagnetic valve stuck: electromagnetic valve slide valve and the valve core set of fit clearance is small (less than 0.008 mm), are generally not piece assembly, when have mechanical impurities into or lubricating oil is too little, it is easy to get stuck. Treatment methods available wire holes from the head stab, make its bounce. Fundamental solution is to change the electromagnetic valve to be removed, remove the valve core and valve core sleeve, clean with CCI4, enables the valve core within the valve sleeve flexible motion. Removal should be paid attention to when all parts, assembly sequence and wiring position to reassemble and wiring is correct, also check oil mist spray oil hole is blocked and lubricating oil is enough.

4, gas leakage, leakage will cause the air pressure is insufficient, make mandatory valve opening and closing of the difficulties, because the sealing gasket damage or slide valve wear several cavity caused by gas. In dealing with the solenoid valve switch system failure, should choose the appropriate time, such as the solenoid valve in a loss of power for the processing, if can't finish this within a switch clearance processing, can be suspended, switched systems is easy to deal with.